A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and social analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of social progress? How do moral actions generate social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of social interactions have been socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

This article is the summary of analyzing seven empirical research which can help make clear the social capital affairs in Iran, as follows:1- The current social capital condition.2- Analyzing the main political and religious factors influencing the social capital after the revolution in 1357. 3- The roles that different organization play.4- The deposit banks, school makers and other financial agent.5- And a general investigation about different changes in history happened since many years ago up to 1357.  

The present ideology of neo-classical economic paradigm to follow their own interests and are destroying the ethical basis and its consequences, ethical virtuous society is low. Lean thinking judgment based on knowledge of human capital to "do the right thing" is not merely to "do it right". Doing the right things with just the ethical value management by humans as creatures is possible. Therefore, attention to the concept of ethical capital to create value beyond the existing mission and values will be doubled. In the present article aims to identify ethical capital, and reviewed different views on this issue.

"social capital" has been one of the main issues in social research over the past decades. The contemporary massive literature made this term a "mythical concept" so that many researchers considered it even as a social theory, and not only a keyword in social sciences. But "social capital" is not new; it is the continuation of the nostalgic approach of the Ideologists of the 19th and the Nationalists of the 20th centuries. In addition, the term "capital" is not used in its correct meaning. Therefore, "social capital" is "something" that is never touchable for actors but, indeed, in traditional societies it is equivalent to the norms which actors internalized/"and in modern societies, it is the sum of the capacities and abilities which actors obtain.

Objective: In the new social welfare, issues of social capital have been important and are very necessary, because today not only social welfare can not simply available and can not be guaranteed by direct economic and material components, but in addition the resources of social society including social capital of different groups of people must be mobilized. Several experimental findings are emphasized on the importance of social capital at promoting level of development and welfare of communities. Studies show that the areas or countries with the relatively high storage of social capital (according to generalized trust and civil commitment) obtain higher levels of growth compared with the societies with lower trust and low civil commitment. In this study, the collective social capital approach in which social capital is defined as collective assets that leads to the effects and the consequences through orientation to collective (Putnam theory) due to its authenticity to the subject of research, approved as the theoretical framework in relation of explanation and analysis of social welfare situation.In this research social capital, as Putnam defined, is studied as a collective asset. Therefore, conceptual elements of social capital considered as a set of cognitive and subjective dimensions which formed social trust and social norms in the behavior in social network which totally formed the social capital components. The average scores of these three components has been considered as social capital scores. Also in relation of social welfare, the combination of individual's social welfare (Bentham theory) that their indicators proposed by social statistics center of Euroup, approved for measurement in this research.The general hypothesis is that: social has a positive impact on social walfare, any higher amount of capital leads to higher amount of social welfare. In addition to the general hypothesis, some other hypothesis as especial forms of relationships between variables such as individual trust, generalized trust, institutionalized trust, social solidarity, cooperation, social support, formal participation, informal participation, amount and variety of relationships are measured.Method: The methodology of this research is survey and questionnaire is used for data gathering. Statistical community of research are all households residing in tehran and statistical unit of the research is the head of family. Sample sizeare 299 eases that selected by cluster sampling.Findings and Results: The results of research as generally indicate the approval of hypothesis and research expectations about the role social capital in increasing of social welfare.As results of the statistical analysis show the social capital impact has positive impact on social welfare, that is, any higher amount which social capital may be, the rate of social welfare will be higher. Also all the Indices considered for social capital (such as trust, social norms, and social network) have a positive impact on social welfare, these results are consistent with Putnam theories.The research shows that some indicators of social capital which have better situation in research community have a more relationship with traditional aspects of society such as religious informal participation and charity affairs, and some indicators that are consistent with modem life such as modem social capital institutional trust, generalized trust, solidarity and formal participation) are not in a desirable situation.

social capital has been used as the “lost ring” to explain the reason of development of some communities and the reason for why the others are not blossomed. In Persian language, the word “social” originates from the words “friend” and “comrade” and it has, principally, originated from friendship. This indicates that the available resources worldwide, are not accounted for as private assets, unless through the function of business and individual networks. On this account, social capital has been studied both at the social level and at the organizational one. Organizational social capital is one of the resources initiated from the inter-organizational social relationships and is distinguished on the basis of the orientation of social ends and mutual confidence amongst the organization members. It has two components: the possibility of participation and confidence. Gathering unofficial groups of employees to participate in their knowledge and skills is a method of producing social organizational capital. Individuals with common experiences, professional tools and common challenges in such groups (i.e., professional groups) would be able to find each other and meet each other to solve their problems and communicate with the people who have mutual business interests.